Scientific Notes of Ostroh Academy National University, Historical Sciences Series
The scholarly journal is dedicated to the issues of the Ukrainian and the world history, historiography, and source studies. The journal indicates the research interests of the scholars of the National University of Ostroh Academy and other scientific and educational institutions of Ukraine. This issue is devoted to the 70th anniversary of Professor Volodymyr Trofymovych. For historians, teachers, young scholars, and students.
Національний університет "Острозька академія"
DICTATORIAL REGIME OF R. TRUJILLO IN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
The article is devoted to an in-depth analysis of the dictatorial regime of Rafael Trujillo in the Dominican Republic, which lasted from 1930 to 1961 and became one of the brightest and most controversial pages in the history of Latin America. The work examines key aspects of Trujillo's rule, including the use of a repressive apparatus to suppress opposition and ensure political stability, the creation of a personality cult around the dictator, and the strategic political control that allowed him to maintain power for nearly three decades. The authors of the article analyze the impact of the Trujillo regime on the economy, social structures, and infrastructure of the country, as well as on relations with other states, in particular the United States, which supported the regime but at the same time had a significant influence on its fall. Special attention is paid to the consequences of the dictatorship on Dominican society, especially in the context of restrictions on civil rights, violations of political freedoms, and repressions that affected different social classes. The article also examines the consequences of Trujillo's overthrow for the country's political stability, in particular, the importance of the first free elections and attempts at a transition to democracy. In addition, it analyzes how the legacy of the dictatorship influenced the further development of democracy in the Dominican Republic, as well as the formation of political memory of this period in modern society. The conclusions emphasize that the study of this period is important for understanding the mechanisms of authoritarian regimes and their impact on societies. It also provides an opportunity to draw lessons for modern political regimes that may embark on the path of authoritarianism.
R. Trujillo, dictatorial regime, personality cult, political repression, «Petrushka» massacre, Dominican Republic, economic modernization, the USA
PECULIARITIES OF THE FUNCTIONING OF POLISH-LANGUAGE PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN THE TERRITORY OF THE VOLYN VOIVODESHIP IN THE INTERWAR PERIOD
The article examines the peculiarities of the organization of Polish-language primary schools in the Volyn Voivodeship in the interwar period. Based on the educational legislation of the Second Polish Republic and archival documents, an attempt is made to analyze the state of public schools. The main problems faced by the Polish ruling circles in implementing their policy in the Volyn school district are highlighted on the example of individual primary education institutions. Attention is drawn to the fact that the introduction of bilingual schools was aimed at increasing assimilation pressure on national minorities.
Second Polish Republic, Volyn voivodeship, interwar period, elementary schooling, bilingual schools
THE ATTEMPTS TO ORGANIZE LEGAL TRADE BETWEEN POLAND AND SOVIET UKRAINE ON THE «VOLYN SECTION» OF THE POLISH-SOVIET BORDER, 1921-1924
The article explores the circumstances under which trade relations between Poland and Soviet Ukraine were established in the early 1920s. After the signing of the preliminary peace treaty in October 1920, favorable conditions emerged for the development of trade between Poland and Soviet Russia. Extensive trade along the Polish-Soviet border was supported by both Soviet and Polish authorities, as both countries suffered from shortages of everyday goods. The Polish side was particularly interested in exchanging its goods for gold, silver, and other valuables from Soviet Ukraine and Belarus. Although the authorities of both countries did not obstruct this spontaneous exchange of goods, from a legal standpoint, such trade was illegal. The issue was particularly acute within the «Volyn section» of the Polish-Soviet border, as its development was driven not only by economic needs but also by geographical factors. The Polish-Soviet border at that time mostly ran through forests, swamps, and sparsely populated areas, which further facilitated smuggling. On Poland's eastern border, apart from settlements with customs offices where official trade took place, two major centers of border trade emerged: Vilno in the north and Rivne and Lviv in the south. Rivne played a particularly important role due to its proximity to the border. Given these realities, Polish government circles, executive authorities, and local self-government bodies sought to take control of the trade and direct it into a legally regulated framework.
trade, customs, Second Polish Republic, Soviet Ukraine, Volyn Voivodeship, Polish-Soviet border
WHERE DID UKRAINIANS SETTLE IN CANADA AND WHY: A BRIEF OVERVIEW
The article provides a brief overview of the history of Ukrainian emigration to Canada. In particular, the historical context and features of different waves of emigration, starting from 1891 to the present day, are discussed. Particular attention is paid to the choice of residence by newcomers and the factors that influenced this decision. The author traces how immigration policy, as well as employment opportunities and the presence of relatives and friends, affected the settlement of Ukrainians in Canada. In particular, the article provides information about the first wave of immigration, when the government promised 64 hectares of land as homesteads for a nominal fee of $10. As a result of this policy, Ukrainian settlements were founded in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. The article highlights the historical background of the second and third waves of emigration and the peculiarities of Canada's policy at the time, which resulted in a significant number of Ukrainians settling not only in the West of the country, but also in Ontario and Quebec. The article notes that there is no consensus among scholars on whether the arrival of Ukrainians from Poland, Yugoslavia, and other Central European countries in the 1980s should be distinguished as a separate wave. It also discusses emigration after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the resettlement of Ukrainians in Canada over the past 30 years. Despite the fact that in the twenty-first century Ukrainians live almost all over the country, Manitoba, Alberta, and Saskatchewan have the highest percentage of people in Canada who declare their Ukrainian ancestry. Special attention is paid to the wave of emigration caused by russia's full-scale war against Ukraine. Thanks to a special program of the Government of Canada, Canada-Ukraine authorization for emergency travel, 298 thousand Ukrainians arrived in Canada between March 17, 2022 and April 1, 2024. The article presents the results of surveys of newcomers and information about the factors that influenced their choice of place of residence.
Ukrainians, waves of emigration, CUAET program, Ukrainian diaspora, Canada
THOMAS MASARYK AND THE QUESTION OF CZECH-GERMAN UNDERSTANDING IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 90S OF THE 19TH CENTURY
The article has analyzed the evolution of Tomas Masaryk's views on the problem of Czech-German settlement in the first half of the 90s of the 19th century. The beginning is highlighted of the scientist's socio-political activity. The principles of political realism presented by T. Masaryk and his criticism of the traditional policy of the Old Czech party are analyzed. At the same time, T. Masaryk's desire for a peaceful settlement of Czech-German contradictions and his criticism of the nationalist rhetoric of the Young Czechs are highlighted. The political views of the national figure during his first parliamentary term are clarified. Special attention is paid to Masaryk's understanding of the concept of Czech state law, which was combined with his adherence to the ideology of Austro-Slavism. This resulted in the politician's defense of the principle of territorial autonomy, according to which the Czech crown lands were united into one administrative unit, and the Czech autonomy formed in this way would be a common state for all the peoples inhabiting it. The article describes T. Masaryk's position on the settlement of the «Czech question» in the context of the need for democratization and reform of the Habsburg empire on liberal principles. The reasons for the evolution of T. Masaryk's political position towards greater criticism of government policy and the anti-Slavic position of Austrian liberals are clarified. The sources of T. Masaryk's formation of a new ideology of the Czech national movement, which was based on the scientist's own philosophy of Czech history, are highlighted. Within its framework, T. Masaryk rejected the dominant opinion of contemporaries about Czech history as a constant struggle between Czechs and Germans. The political ideal is emphasized of T. Masaryk at this time remained autonomy, as the realization of the humanistic ideal with its components: national freedom, national equality, education, foresight and objectivity towards other peoples as a prerequisite for the development of all nations within the Austrian state.
«Young Czechs», Czech-German understanding, Tomasz Masaryk, Czech state law, autonomism
SOVIET SPECIAL SERVICES COMMUNICATION STRATEGY DURING «GORBACHEV PERESTROIKA» PERIOD (1985–1991) IN HISTORICAL AND INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES
The article is devoted to the historiographical analysis of studies that highlight the evolution of Soviet special services communication strategy in 1985–1991. Chronologically it covers a period of more than 30 years, geographically – encompasses works of national scientists and specialists from post-Soviet countries as well as Western researchers. The paper analyzes both historical researches and achievements in the field of social communications, PR, works of political scientists, journalists, and publicists, which are in fact interdisciplinary. It has been established that the source base of the given studies is wide and heterogeneous. The vast majority of them are open source materials – articles in print media, comments, interviews and public speeches of KGB representatives in addition to TV and radio broadcasts with their participation. With the collapse of the Soviet Union the source base has been expanded with a huge array of previously unknown archival documents that shed light on various aspects of the KGB’s functioning. In the historiography of the formation of Soviet special services communication strategy in 1985–1991 the study of its factors and components is divided into three periods. The first one covered directly «Gorbachev perestroika» period while the following periods began already after 1991. The significant dates of each of these time periods coincide with the anniversaries of the USSR collapse when further rethinking of the causes, consequences, assessments of this process, and successive stages of archival documents declassification took place. The vast majority of such researches have been published after Ukraine gained independence, therefore the given periods differ in scope and degree of issue disclosure.
KGB, USSR, reconstruction, propaganda, PR, communication strategy, historiography
SOURCES FROM THE HISTORY OF THE STUDY OF THE RELIGIOUS COMMUNITY OF SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTISTS IN TRANSCARPATHIA DURING THE SOVIET PERIOD (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE STATE ARCHIVE OF TRANSCARPATHIAN REGION)
In recent decades, scholarly interest in the study of religious issues in the country has revived. The work with archival documents on this topic has revealed new and unresolved issues. The need to cover the history of individual denominations in a narrowly regional dimension was revealed. An objective and comprehensive study of the history of the Seventh-day Adventist religious community in Transcarpathia during the Soviet era (1944-1991) requires the use of all available historical sources. The article analyzes the source base on this issue. The purpose of the article is to determine the informative potential, reliability and representativeness of the source base for studying the functioning of the religious community in the above period. The research is based on materials from the state archives of the Zakarpattia region. The article presents and analyzes the available archival data of various state institutions, which differ in content and informational potential. Together, they can provide a sufficient basis for researching this issue. In terms of their status and information potential, state archives occupy a leading position for studying the history of the Seventh-day Adventist religious community in Transcarpathia during the Soviet era. In this study, we have tried to outline the potential of historical sources that can be used to reconstruct the functioning of the Seventh-day Adventist religious community in Transcarpathia during the Soviet era (1944-1991). We have identified, analyzed, and systematized sources and archival information into thematic blocks. The archival heuristics on this issue made it possible to comprehend a significant layer of the untouched source base, some of which was first introduced into scientific circulation. The analyzed sources make it possible to study the history of this religious community in the Soviet period in Transcarpathia. The identified archival potential provides a wide field for historical reconstruction of the life of the Adventist community in Transcarpathia. At the same time, it provides additional valuable information for the ethnography of the region, the study of the genealogy of some families, historical processes in the region, and the study of the functioning of various denominations in the region.
archive, source database, State Archive of the Transcarpathian Region, Transcarpathian Region, post-war period, Protestants, Seventh-day Adventist Church
REVISION CENSUS OF CHRISTIAN AND JEWISH BURGHERS OF OSTROH IN 1795: INFORMATIONAL POTENTIAL AND RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES
The article is dedicated to analyzing the informational potential of the 1795 Ostroh census as a descriptive and statistical source of state origin. The structure and content of the source have been thoroughly examined and presented in tabular form. Based on the existing historiography of such documents, precise terminology, classification, and the procedure for compiling the analyzed census have been determined. It was established that the census was compiled by representatives of the petty, landless nobility of Ostroh, who held positions in the city administration. The 1795 Ostroh census consists of 13 parts, each providing information on a specific section of the city. Based on the analyzed source, it has been possible to trace the urban topography of the late 18th century. As of 1795, Ostroh’s territory included the old town, the new town, and the suburbs, including Vulytsia Ostrozka. The census reflects the deepened property division of the city during the 1770s–1790s. The old town (ordinational part, Jesuit jurisdiction, the Jabłonowski princes’ jurisdiction, Kordashivka, and Vulytsia Ostrozka) and the new town were divided among the magnate and noble families of Jabłonowski, Czacki, and Brzostowski. By 1795, according to the source, the Jabłonowski princes had partially extended their ownership rights to the estates of the former Ostroh Ordinance, which would ultimately lead to the full unification of the city under the Jabłonowski family in the early 19th century. Using the census data, an attempt has been made to reconstruct the social structure of Ostroh’s society in 1795. The upper stratum comprised the nobility, divided into two categories: landed and landless. The landed nobility, by hereditary rights, owned parts of the city and included the aforementioned magnate and noble families. The landless nobility resided on the estates of landowners under agreements to pay monetary rent (czynsz) or serve them. The burghers of Ostroh, who formed the middle stratum of social stratification, were artisans, merchants, and traders. The census also provides information about the urban poor, which included unskilled laborers performing the hardest physical work (construction, repairs, manufacturing) and beggars who lived on alms and donations. The latter constituted a minor percentage of the population. New information on the ethno-religious composition of the urban population has been obtained and analyzed. The largest ethnic groups were Jews, Ukrainians, and Poles, with smaller groups of Germans. Jews formed the majority of the population, united by their self-governing body, the kahal. Their primary activity in the city was trade, facilitated by favorable factors such as geographic location, profitable trade routes, and connections with foreign markets. The census reveals the names and surnames of kahal leaders. Ukrainians, though smaller in number, predominated in artisanal circles. Poles held the third position in the ethno-religious structure and were primarily responsible for city governance. Germans were represented by only one family residing in Ostroh. The author draws attention to the historical-demographic information provided by the source. Although the document is partially damaged and does not ensure completely reliable results, it highlights the importance of using additional sources to refine demographic data. Despite its imperfections, the 1795 census allows for the collection of essential accounting data for demographic research, such as determining the average number of burghers per household, age groups, and their proportional distribution. The 1795 Ostroh census offers wide-ranging research opportunities and serves as a valuable addition to the source base for studying socio-economic and political history, historical demography, and genealogy. Consequently, the importance of archival searches to discover additional census records from the Volhynia Governorate increases, as they could enhance historical studies in the fields of Ostrohiana and Volhyniana of the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
revision census, burghers, population, Christians, Jews, Ostroh, Ostroh region, Volhynia
THE INVENTORY OF THE OSTROH TOWN IN 1767
The inventory of 1767 contains important information about the hereditary part of the city of Ostroh, which was owned by Princess Anna Yablonovska. Information about the state of Zamkova Gora in the city is presented and the details of its development are described. The latter gradually lost its functions as an important residence and administrative center of the princely possessions. Information about the topography of the city at that time (Old Town, New Town, Mokra Volya, Kordyshivka, city farms) is supplemented and opportunities for further studies in this direction are expanded. The Christian community of the hereditary part of the city is represented by 160 household owners (43%). Calculations were made regarding the number of children in families (most of them had two children (29.4%)). The Jewish community had the largest settlement in the city – 210 households (57%). A high level of presence of chambermaids in Jewish houses was traced. Ostroh continued to remain one of the important craft and trade centers of Volhynia in general and of permanent city trade in the local sense. The nomenclature of craft specialties and professional occupations among Christians amounted to 27 positions, and among Jews – 36. Trading stalls and shops in Ostroh were closely connected with the craft environment (three out of eleven workshops sold their products in their own shops). Jews traditionally continued to dominate in the sphere of trade and crafts. The owner of the city ordered clear conditions and restrictions in the sphere of trade in the city (requirements for weights and measures, including in taverns, control over their compliance with established standards, etc.). Information on the organization of city self-government under Magdeburg law has been supplemented (the mayor, his real estate, duties, burgomasters, etc.). The inventory of the city of Ostroh from 1767 was published for the first time. The duties of Christians and Jews in Ostroh complement the wide range of everyday life of the inhabitants of the cities of Volhynia.
inventory, Ostrog, Lutsk county, Volyn voivodeship, Christians, Jews, trade, craft, population, rent, mayor, burgomasters
CORRESPONDENCE AND LETTER FORMS OF THE KISH OF THE ZAPOROZHIAN LOWLAND ARMY WITH OFFICIALS OF THE CRIMEAN KHANATE DURING THE NEW SICH PERIOD (BASED ON THE METHOD OF FORMULARY-CLAUSAL ANALYSIS)
The publication attempts to investigate the peculiarities of the correspondence of the Kish of the Zaporozhian Lowland Army with the officers and residents of the Crimean Khanate. The authors draw attention to the obstacles and interference of the Kyiv Governor-General and the Kyiv Provincial Chancellery in the correspondence of the Kish foremen with the southern neighbor, which was carried out by requiring the forwarding of unpacked epistolary from Crimea to Kyiv, and the sending from there to the Zaporozhian Sich of pre-prepared forms-responses to correspondence from Crimea. The peculiarities of the form of letters sent from Kish to the south are also analyzed.
Kish of the Zaporozhian Lowland Army, Kyiv Governor-General, letter, form, initial protocol, main part, final protocol
PRINCE STANISLAV RADZIWILL’S OLYKA DOMAINS THROUGH THE PRISM OF THE TAX RECORDS OF THE VOLYN VOIVODESHIP IN 1570-80S
The article attempts to investigate the Olyka domains of the Radziwill princes through the prism of the surviving tax records of the Volyn Voivodeship in the last third of the 16th century. In particular, to reconstruct their composition, to establish the level of settlement of these territories, and to trace changes in these estates during the 1570s and 1580s. The study of estate complexes, which, on the one hand, give an understanding of where the resources came from, and on the other hand, show how large the human resource was, that is, where and on what conditions the prince’s clientele was kept, is extremely important for understanding the functioning of the client-patronage system that revolved around the patron. Given the lack of preservation of inventories and other accounting sources for the history of the Olyka majorat during the period when it belonged to Stanisław Radziwil, fiscal documents, namely the tax records of the Volyn Voivodeship, are of paramount importance for studies of the magnate’s estates. On the basis of fiscal documents and with the involvement of court books, the article analyses two components of Radziwill’s possessions in Volyn – Olyka and Radyvyliv volosts – during the last third of the 16th century, and also provides detailed tables based on the source material.
Volhynian Voivodeship, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Radziwill princes, taxes, estate complexes, population, townspeople
CHANGES IN THE SOCIO-POLITICAL ATTITUDES OF DONETSK RESIDENTS IN THE TERRITORY CONTROLLED BY UKRAINE (2014-2022)
Based on a wide range of sources, the authors analyzed the change in the socio-political attitudes of Donetsk residents during the ATO/JFO and the factors that influenced their transformation. Thus, it was found that the Russian aggression against mainland Ukraine in 2014 led to the division of Donetsk region into two parts – the one controlled by the Ukrainian authorities and the temporarily occupied territory. The “hybrid peace” caused a change in the mass perceptions of Donetsk residents. The study examined issues of geopolitical orientation, war and peace, self-identification, the status of Russian/Ukrainian languages, etc. Their analysis demonstrated a change in the socio-political attitudes of residents in the government-controlled area, which did not differ significantly from the general trends in Ukrainian society.
Donetsk residents, respondents, socio-political moods, information influence, propaganda, geopolitical orientations, government-controlled territories of Ukraine, armed forces, Russian-Ukrainian war
The purpose of the study is to show the importance of the activities of the famous Ukrainian historian and educator Mykola Kovalskyi (1929-2006) in establishing the idea of the Ostroh University Center and in its practical implementation. The research methodology is based on the methods of intellectual history, historiographical analysis and synthesis. For the first time, the issue of the role of M. Kovalskyi in the creation of the leading modern Ukrainian higher education institution – the National University of Ostroh Academy is systematically covered. It is substantiated that the administrative and organizational activity, scientific creativity and educational practices of the professor were of great importance for the establishment of the idea of the Ostroh University Center and in its practical implementation. M. Kovalskyi was and remains the greatest scientist who worked/works at the Ostroh Academy. Without him, the Ostroh university idea would not have such a developed component of respect for true science, which is characteristic of it today. The professor's contribution to the implementation of practical things, without which there could be no question of its rapid growth, was significant – the establishment of a teaching staff, the initiation of intensive and high-quality scientific work, the definition of forms and methods of higher education, in general, the formation of intellectual and methodical potential for future progress.
Mykola Kovalskyi, Ostroh, Ostroh Academy, historical science, identity, «school of M. Kovalskyi», historiographic image
THE COMMUNITY OF POLITICAL EMIGRANTS FROM THE UPR IN THE INTERWAR OSTROH
The article examines the circumstances of the appearance in interwar Ostroh of political emigrants, former military and public figures from the Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR), who emigrated to the territory of the Second Polish Republic. Among them were people of different professions, education, and political views, which fully reflected the situation during the Ukrainian Revolution. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the introduction of archival documents and interwar periodicals into scientific circulation, which allowed to identify military and civilian emigrants from the Ukrainian People's Republic who settled in Ostroh, to highlight the directions, forms and methods of their work. It is proved that the life and activities of Ukrainian political emigrants were conditioned by internal circumstances, the border status of the town and the peculiarities of Polish national policy. It is established that the first branch of the Ukrainian Central Committee (UCC) in the Volyn Voivodeship, headquartered in Warsaw, was established in Ostroh, with the task of providing moral and material support to political emigrants. The author examines the contribution of emigrants to the educational and religious life of the town, their participation in cooperative and public organisations (Ostroh Cooperative Union; Ukrainian Cooperative Bank; «Prosvita»; «Prosvityanska Hata», etc.) In addition, emigrants popularised the name of Simon Petliura, supported their lonely and sick comrades, and perpetuated the memory of the participants of the Ukrainian Revolution. Attention is drawn to the self-organisation of former UPR activists through the development of their own households. The author substantiates the circumstances of the formation of the UPR control and intelligence base in Ostroh, headed by Yakiv Halyuk (Malynivskyi). Using the biographical method, the place and role of particular emigrants in the development of interwar Ostroh is determined. It is proved that the community of political emigrants from the UPR in Ostroh was heterogeneous, and its life depended on the circumstances of the interwar period, determined by various factors. The reasons for the collapse of the UPR community in the town in the late 1930s due to the departure of emigrants to other places, high mortality, and dissolution in pro-government structures are substantiated.
Ukrainian Revolution, The Second Polish Republic, Ostroh, political emigrants, UPR intelligence, education, cooperation, church and religious life
FROM THE HISTORY OF THE SUPPORT OF THE OPPOSITION MOVEMENT IN THE UKRAINIAN SSR BY THE FOREIGN CENTERS OF THE OUN IN THE 1970S
Based on numerous factual materials, much of which has been introduced to scientific use for the first time, the authors attempted to characterize the ways in which foreign OUN centers established contacts with the opposition movement in the Ukrainian SSR in order to provide it with material, moral, and ideological support, as well as to obtain materials and information about the persecution of dissidents and human rights violations from its representatives, which were banned by communist censorship, for use in anti-Soviet propaganda. The article shows that tourist travel became an extremely important channel of contact between the OUN's foreign centers and the opposition intelligentsia in the Ukrainian SSR. For example, in 1970–1972, about 200 thousand foreign tourists visited the republic. Of these, 10,000 were of Ukrainian origin. The number of the latter was constantly growing. In 1973 there were already 4,873, in 1974 – 5,743, and in 1975 – 6,626. Now relying on the creative intelligentsia and the younger generation-"humanitarians and intellectuals" – Ukrainian organizations abroad contributed to the development and strengthening of dissidence in Ukraine, bringing the time of its independence closer. The KGB authorities, in turn, hindered these contacts in every way possible, making great efforts to discredit foreign OUN organizations and individuals opposed to the Soviet regime in the Ukrainian SSR.
OUN foreign centers, opposition movement, tourists, KGB, Ukrainian nationalists
VOLYN SCHOOL DISTRICT CURATORIUM ACTIVITIES IN THE INTERWAR PERIOD
The article examines the formation of the curatorium of the Volyn school district in the interwar period. The analysis of legal documents that regulated the activities of curators, school inspectors and teachers in the territory of the Volyn Voivodeship in the interwar period is carried out. During its existence, the board of trustees performed various educational tasks, trying to organizationally combine Volyn and all-Polish schooling. Changes in the field of education were not always positively perceived by the non-Polish population in the region, which became the reason for the exacerbation of national problems.
Second Polish Republic, Volyn voivodeship, interwar period, schooling, curatorium, curator, school inspector
THE STRUCTURE OF CRAFT PRODUCTION IN THE INTERWAR PERIOD (1921–1939)
The article analyzes the structure of craft production in the city of Rivne in the interwar period based on the Lutsk Chamber of Crafts. It was established that in the interwar period in Poland, a fairly thorough legislative framework was developed to regulate all spheres of craft and craft production. A fairly large number of craftsmen of various specialties worked in the city of Rivne. The complicated procedure for obtaining a craft card – the main condition for the legal practice of a craft – led to the fact that many craftsmen worked without permits. The development of craft production not only in Rivne but also in the entire Volyn Voivodeship was hindered by such factors as insufficient technical equipment in craft workshops, the manual method of production, an increase in the cost of labor, a low technical level of manufactured products, inefficient organization of the sale of goods, a change in the economic situation and limited support for the craft sector from the Polish authorities. The most common craft specialties in Rivne used cheap local raw materials. These are the specialties of the leather, metal, wood, textile, and service industry groups. Among them are carpenters, tailors, shoemakers, blacksmiths, butchers, bakers, etc. Craft production in Rivne in 1921-1939 was mainly aimed at meeting the needs of the local population and, first of all, the rural. Because the solvency of the rural population was low, artisans received a small profit. The rather difficult situation of Rivne artisans and handicraft production was worsened by such unfavorable conditions as competition from the factory industry, stagnation of the construction movement, and an increase in the number of products produced by factories.
Volyn voivodeship, Rivne,the interwar period, craft
DEMOGRAPHIC STRUCTURE OF RURAL SETTLEMENTS OF THE BORDER AREA OF WESTERN VOLYN IN THE EARLY 1920S
The border counties of Western Volyn at the time of incorporation into the revived Polish state had a low level of urbanization, as a result of which the majority of the population lived in rural areas. The predominant forms of settlements in the studied region were villages, hamlets, colonies, settlements, etc. At the same time, each of the counties had its own special settlement structure. Thus, the largest number of rural settlements was recorded in the Rivne district, which was the most ethnically diverse. Czechs and Germans lived here, along with Ukrainians, Poles and Jews. Most of the territory of the Sarny district was swampy forests and lowlands, so small villages and hamlets with a fairly homogeneous population prevailed here. Ostrog district, the smallest of the border counties, was the most urbanized, every fourth resident of the county lived in a city or town. The rural settlements of Kremenets district were the most mono-ethnic, the non-Ukrainian population here made up a little more than 13%. The border character of these counties led to the special attention of the Polish authorities to this region, which, on the one hand, tried to weaken the influences coming from the Soviet side of the border, and on the other hand, to attract the support of the local population. On the other hand, traditionalism, regionalism, local isolation, attachment to local customs contributed to the preservation of the local population's identity. Insufficient state funding of the border counties caused them to remain agrarian and economically backward throughout the interwar period.
rural settlements, demography, Western Volyn, interwar period, border region
VOLODYMYR SHAIAN’S GRINCHENKIANA PUBLISHED IN THE «LIBERATION PATH» («VYZVOLNYI SHLIAKH») MAGAZINE (1963–1964)
The article presents the review of materials about Borys Grinchenko published in 1963–1964 in the «Liberation Path» («Vyzvolnyi Shliakh») magazine – Ukrainian diaspora’s magazine about Ukrainian social, political, scientific and literature life. It is marked the involvement of the published materials and its author Volodymyr Shaian’s editorial work in restoration of the Borys Grinchenko’s name as great Ukrainian writer that was forbidden and in fact unknown in USSR. It is highlighted the major themes of Borys Grinchenko’s work in different genres touched in analyzed materials, Volodymyr Shaian’s author’s stylistic features, high literary level, expressive national position and profound experience for the popular of Borys Grinchenko’s name. Volodymyr Shaian’s articles also examines Borys Grinchenko’s work in public education field and relationships with other well-known public persons in the late XIX – early XX century. It shows Borys Grinchenko’s national ideological principles and beliefs, common and different features between him and other partners in the main goals of national education. Volodymyr Shaian’s historiographycal analysis of Borys Grinchenko’s pedagogical and enlightening activity is made on the basis of chronological and problem-topical approaches. The main periods of Borys Grinchenko’s life and activity are distinguished. The peculiarities of study of Borys Grinchenko’s life and activity by his contemporaries, Soviet and foreign, emigrant and Ukrainian scholars are stated. It has been determined that named materials published in the «Liberation Path» («Vyzvolnyi Shliakh») magazine – a valuable source for understanding Borys Grinchenko’s social and editorial views. Based on these unknown published materials, the research examines also Volodymyr Shaian’s contribution into the history of literature as well as national culture.
Borys Grinchenko, Volodymyr Shaian, «Liberation Path» («Vyzvolnyi Shliakh»), Ukrainian diaspora, Grinchenkiana
MIGRATION MOVEMENT IN THE GENERAL GOVERNMENT ON THE PAGES OF THE REGIONAL NEWSPAPER KHOLMSKA ZEMLIA (1943–1944)
The article analyzes the content of the sole regular newspaper during the World War II, serving the informational needs of the Ukrainian population in the Lublin district of the General Government. It identifies groups of materials dedicated to the problematic issues of resettlement movements. These include official appeals from Ukrainian legal structures, information about relief actions, journalistic reports, and interviews with refugees from the military zone, the Reichskommissariat “Ukraine”, and the eastern territories of Galicia. Also examined are articles that prompted Ukrainians to contemplate their personal future choices against the backdrop of interethnic conflict in the region and the approaching German-Soviet front. Newspaper materials are compared with information about the outflow of personnel from the Holm region, as cited in documents from Ukrainian committees. In the documents of relief structures of that time, facts are recorded of the Ukrainian population's ambiguous attitude towards the decisions of committee officials, public figures, and clergy to leave their native lands. At the same time, it must be acknowledged that thanks to such choices, hundreds of lives were safeguarded from persecution and destruction. Additionally, numerous documents, testimonies, and memoirs about the Holm-Podlasie region during the German occupation have been published in emigration and are now widely known. These shed light on the bloody events and crimes, echoes of which were not always found in the contemporary legal press.
IIWW, periodicals, “Kholmska zemlia”, refugees, evacuation, Polish-Ukrainian conflict, Ukrainian Central Committee
INTELLECTUAL BIOGRAPHY OF BOHDAN BARVINSKYI: YEARS OF UNIVERSITY STUDIES
The purpose of the research is to reconstruct the years of study of B. Barvinskyi at Lviv, Vienna and Berlin universities. The research methodology is based on the application of principles (objectivity, historicism, holism) and methods (generalization, analysis and synthesis, comparison, genetic, psychological and typological) of historiographic research. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the study of the little-known problem of the formation of B. Barvinskyi as a historian during his studies at Lviv, Vienna and Berlin universities. The article has concluded that the professional environment of the Lviv, Vienna and Berlin universities had a significant influence on the intellectual development of B. Barvinskyi. A novice historian was delighted to study history in the "golden" age of European social humanities, when at the same time creators of many historiographical branches and directions – Ukrainian studies, Polonistics, theories and methodologies of history, etc. – worked in different academic centers. The lectures and seminars of O. Redlich, L. Finkel, T. Szymann, B. Dembinsky, E. Mühlbacher, A. Przybram, T. Wojciechowski, H. Bruner, O. Balzer, K. Studinsky, O. Kolessa and many others prominent humanitarians formed the scientific worldview and research tools of the young scientist. However, the most significant for him was the long-term professional communication with M. Hrushevsky, which determined the scientific specialization of B. Barvinskyi in the field of Eastern European medieval studies. After all, persistent self-education had a significant impact on the professional formation of a historian. All this ultimately enabled the young scientist to implement ambitious creative plans and in a short time become one of the prominent representatives of not only Galician, but also all-Ukrainian historiography of the first half of the 20th century.
B. Barvinskyi, intellectual biography, University of Lviv, University of Vienna, University of Berlin
THE INVESTIGATOR OF UKRAINIAN KOBZAR ART OLEKSANDR MALYNKA, THE GRADUATE OF COUNT BEZBORODKO HISTORICAL PHILOLOGICAL INSTITUTE IN NIZHYN
The author analyzes scientific heritage of a prominent Ukrainian investigator of folk lore Oleksandr Malynka, who studied the corresponding material at Count Bezborodko Historical Philological Institute under the supervision of professors M. I. Sokolov, M. N. Speranskyi, V. I. Rezanov, who helped the young scientist to publish series of papers about kobzars, bandurysts and lirnyks at the end of the 19th – the beginning of the 20th c. These papers are analyzed by the author. The attention is drawn to the specificity of O. Malynka’s works, which are characterized by the richness of material, concerning life and creativity of folk singers, conditions of their studying by different kobzars, bandurysts and lirnyks, which passed their skills of playing various instruments and transmitted traditions of corresponding singing of multi-genre songs. O. Malinka also explored the differences between a kobzar and a lyre player, which was primarily determined by the genre-filled repertoire of songs. Special attention is drawn to O. Malynka’s interest to ancient historical songs (dumas), which were the real pearl of kobzars and bandurysts repertoire and which gradually begin to vanish from repertoire of young singers, and it is explained by the change of epochs and departure of old musicians from life. The article reveals the presence of female performance on the bandura, which was a new phenomenon in Ukrainian musical culture for that era. The appearance of songs about Taras Shevchenko and Shevchenko’s poems from «Kobzar» in the repertoire of some bandurysts is also taken into account. It is underlined that O. Malynka’s activity contributed to the fact that names of many kobzars, bandurysts and lirnyks remained in the history of Ukrainian culture.
folk lore, blind singers, kobzars, bandurysts and lirnyks, repertoire, historical songs, psalms, household songs, O. Malynka, Nizhyn Higher School
PRIMARY COLLECTION REGISTERS OF THE ZVIAHEL COUNTY OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE 16TH CENTURY
The article examines the set of primary collection registers of Prince V.-K. Ostrogski's estates during the first post-Union decade, located on the border of the Volyn and Kyiv voivodeships. One of these was the Zviahel volost. They are an important component in the source base for studying the socio-economic history of these Ukrainian lands. Primary registers were created by landowners or their representatives. On their basis, government officials (collectors) determined by the dietsm created summarizing tax documents (summaries) for individual administrative units of the entire state. The summaries were partially published and widely used in research by representatives of various national historiographies. Primary registers are not sufficiently introduced into scientific circulation. For many regions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, they have not survived at all. The presence of primary (1570 and 1577) and summary (1570, 1577, 1583, 1589) registers offers an opportunity to study the state and dynamics of the development of social and economic phenomena. For Prince V.-K. Ostrogski's estates in the second half of the 16th century, other sources of a descriptive and statistical nature are unknown. The significance of such documents for the Kyiv Voivodeship is particularly important due to their poor preservation for the end of the 16th century. An important feature of collection registers, as well as descriptive and statistical sources in general, is the display of different social indicators of the urban and rural population. They were also used for historical and demographic research. Primary documentation, produced by order of the landowners and related to individual estates, contains records that were lost when generalized in the summaries. These include linguistic peculiarities, the level of implementation of economic innovations, individual indicators of the sex structure of the population, anthroponymic information, customer names, paleographic and diplomatic features, etc. The levy registers began to be introduced in the territory of Volyn and Kyiv region from the end of 1569, and initially, their structure and design did not have an established standard due to the lack of tradition and experience. Tax documentation of the possessions of Prince V.-K. Ostrogski has a sufficiently high representativeness. The entire set of tax documentation – primary and summary – constitutes integrity. Therefore, in source studies, there is an opportunity to research the document circulation system and all its components.
source studies, sources of a descriptive and statistical nature, tax documentation, latifundia, Princes of Ostroh
COMPONENTS OF THE COMMUNICATION STRATEGY OF THE KGB OF THE UKRAINIAN SSR BEFORE THE AUGUST COUP OF 1991
The publication is dedicated to one of the final stages of the existence of the Soviet special services and, accordingly, their development of their communication strategy. We are talking about the period before the August putsch of 1991. In response to the further democratization of public life and increased criticism of the department by the public, the KGB of the USSR at this time actively tried to improve the coordination of its «PR units» and develop something like the concept of a «single voice». Therefore, noticeable changes took place in the structure of Chekist propaganda. In 1990, the Press Bureau of the KGB of the USSR was reorganized and replaced by the Public Relations Center. Among the tasks of this department, monitoring of the press stood out, which also indicated a more systematic approach to propaganda. Following the center, this area was also modernized by the KGB of the Ukrainian SSR. By the end of 1990, the formation of a network of regional press groups was practically completed in the republican special service, and the KGB Department in the Vinnytsia region even had its own printed organ – the monthly Incognito, which became the first newspaper of its kind in the Soviet Union. Participation in rehabilitation processes, popularization of state security in society, public discrediting of the national liberation movement, work with citizens' letters and appeals, deputy communication remained key among the directions of the department's communication strategy. Therefore, the article, using the example of individual information campaigns, shows how state security agencies tried to improve their image and what measures they took to avoid reputational losses.
KGB, Ukrainian SSR, perestroika, glasnost, propaganda, PR, communication
OUT-OF-SCHOOL EDUCATION OF THE RURAL «PROSVITA» OF RIGHT-BANK UKRAINE (1917–1918)
An analysis of the published works of Ukrainian scientists was carried out, in which the issues of the activity of «Prosvit» and the development of extracurricular education in Ukraine in 1917-1918 were outlined. The role of rural societies in the issue of population education is defined, in particular, the organization of libraries, lectures, concerts, courses for adults, etc. The role of educational congresses in the formation of extracurricular education is clarified. Forum delegates urged everyone to fight illiteracy by organizing relevant courses at each «Prosvit». The development of out-of-school education as an organic part of the educational system of Ukraine was impossible without the participation of educational societies – the main implementers of various cultural and mass events in the countryside. The holding of the latter contributed to the growth of national awareness of Ukrainians, the formation of patriotism, the preservation of the native language, original culture, etc. From the operational plan of the Department of Extracurricular Education, it can be seen that «Prosvits» played a key role in the development of extracurricular education, especially in the spread of such forms as lectures, concerts, etc. The lectures deepened the national consciousness of Ukrainians and contributed to the processes of self-determination of the rural population. The musical art of rural «Prosvits» became an effective means of aesthetic education, contributed to the further development of national traditions, and the consolidation of Ukrainians around the extracurricular sphere. The contribution of the meeting of zemstvo and city leaders of extracurricular education (December 12-15, 1917) to the coordination of extracurricular work is clarified. Due to the lack of resources, the village «Prosvit» began its activity by arranging small reading rooms and book collections. The centers paid special attention to the formation of educational institutions for adults.
«Prosvita», rural «Prosvita», society, out-of-school education, Right-Bank Ukraine, congress
THE RENT OF THE CITIZENS OF VOLYN IN THE 18-th CENTURY
The article attempts to analyze the rent of Volyn Burghers during the 18th century. The owners (the king, magnates, and the church) had full power over the city. They provided all lands and territories at the disposal of the community on the condition of fulfilling the established duties. In the cities of Volyn during the research period, there were three types of rent – work rent, kind rent and cash rent in different sizes and ratios. The levy belonged to the national tax, and the representatives of the Jewish community paid the corresponding general tax. City dwellers preferred to chinsh to other obligations. The townspeople were obliged to chinsh from houses and plots, gardens and fields, haymakers, hop growers, and apiaries every year. They served sharvarka, toloka, and plantain, as well as several duties of a military nature. Shafari or longers and governors were engaged in collecting taxes in the cities of Volyn. Natural tributes include chickens, capons, eggs, bee tithes, tobacco and mushroom tributes, cumin, etc. Certain types of tributes could be paid by burghers of different cities in money. Monetary payments for the benefit of the church were clearly defined. In the vast majority of cases, lawyers remained outside the city’s jurisdiction. Panshchyna continued to be an integral part of the rent in the cities of Volyn. Exemption from city taxes was granted for a certain period to new residents of cities, residents of the city, those who worked on the castle, etc. The liberation of the townspeople was the policy of the town owners. Liberated population groups could make up, according to rough estimates, from 4 to 20% of city residents. In the possessions of the Zamoyski princes, an attempt was made to transfer the residents of the two cities to chinsh. During the 18th century, rent grew, and new types of it appeared. The artisans of the cities had the obligation to perform some duties for the benefit of the castle under their professions. The rent of Volyn burghers continued to be one of the main ways of earning profits for their owners.
rent, burghers, Volyn Voivodeship, chinsh, Christians, Jews, liberation
VOLOST OF DUBNO AND ITS SPATIAL STRUCTURE FROM THE TIME OF PRINCES OF OSTROH UNTIL THE MIDDLE OF THE XVIII CENTURY
In the article, the results of research of spatial limits of Dubno volost in XV–XVIII centuries are published. The ways of formation of Dubno volost are analysed with area square calculation on the separate stages of its development. Based on method of mapping settlements that folded the volost, the changes in its spatial limits and determination factors are characterized. The oldest documentarily confirmed possession of princes of Ostroh on Ikva river was district of Ivanyn. Fedir prince of Ostroh got patrimonial right on it in 1386. Before 1463, this possession was divided between princes Yurii and Ivan. Yurii reached the district of Ivanyn in composition of five villages: Ivannia, Miatyn, Golovchyci and Dytynychi. After this division, Dubno went to the prince Ivan, which son obtained municipal rights for a settlement. Ivan carried out the expansion of the possessions on Ikva river due to a purchase estates of his brother in 1463. It is possible to recreat the sizes of volost based on register of 1583. Villages in register of 1583 had been attached to Dubno by the prince Kostiantyn Ivanovych until 1530. Thus, in spatial limits a register represents a volost in a time of full age of his son Vasyl in 1541. Totally, the register of 1583 calls 40 villages in composition of volost. In the act of division of possessions between princes Yanush and Oleksandr in 1603 the composition of volost included 47 villages. The total number of villages in the parish in the middle of the eighteenth century can be adjusted to 75, of which 67 villages have been localized. The counts of area of volost show that during XVI – in the first half of XVII century its sizes hesitated within the limits of 0,8–0,9 thousand kilometres in square. From the second half of XVII century and to the middle of XVIII century territory of volost increased significantly. In Act of Kolbushivska transaction from year 1753 the list is given 67 villages that together with Dubno and small town Ptycha were got by prince Stanislav Lubomirskyi. The area of volost on this year was about 1,1 thousand kilometres in square.
Dubno volost, Ikva river, estate, village, Princes of Ostroh
CULTURAL DIPLOMACY OF THE UKRAINIAN WORLD CONGRESS AS A FACTOR OF PROMOTING OF UKRAINE IN THE WORLD (2014–22)
The article draws attention to the role of Ukrainians worldwide in the promotion of Ukraine in the world. The author characterizes the historiography and source base of the scientific problem. The issue of cultural diplomacy of the Ukrainian World Congress (UWC) is practically unexplored. Based on the analysis of various directions of work of the UWC, in particular its councils, examples of the work of Ukrainian organizations-members of the UWC network, the forms and ways of implementing cultural diplomacy as an international coordination superstructure of Ukrainians worldwide in 2014–22 are discussed. The events after the end of the Revolution of Dignity, the beginning of Russian aggression against Ukraine, and the full-scale Russian military invasion of Ukraine became turning points for the conduct of various activities of the UWC. The world community paid special attention to Ukraine, and culture began to be used more seriously as a tool for promoting Ukrainian interests in foreign countries. It was noted that the preservation of the Ukrainian national identity, the inclusion of the Ukrainian historical and cultural heritage in the world context, the popularization of the Ukrainian language are prominent areas of activity of the UWC, in which cultural diplomacy can be traced. Marking of commemorative dates of Ukrainian history and culture by the UWC, the implementation of large-scale projects, and the support of cultural initiatives are discussed. It was emphasised on the changes that affected the mechanisms of implementation of cultural diplomacy of the UWC: the transition of events to the virtual space during the COVID-19 pandemic, the organization of actions with a wide representation of Ukrainian symbols after the full-scale Russian military invasion of Ukraine. Conclusions have been made about the main forms of cultural diplomacy in the activities of the UWC, which are shown both at the level of work of its councils and at the level of work of organizations-members.
The Ukrainian World Congress (UWC), cultural diplomacy, diaspora diplomacy, Ukrainians worldwide, Ukraine, image, promotion, Ukrainian language
ORTHOGRAPHY DISCUSSIONS AMONG UKRAINIAN DIASPORA (1940th–1980th)
The paper aims to describe an orthography discussion in the Ukrainian diaspora in the second half of the XX century. Language processes that took place in the environment of the Ukrainian diaspora are an essential element of the history of the national language. The practice of language use among Ukrainians abroad is a unique source of data, part of the national linguistic fund. Archive documents from the personal archive collections of M. Demkovych-Dobryanskyi (head of the Ukrainian editorial office of Radio Liberty), R. Chomiak (international journalist), and O. Horbach (a famous linguist) stored in the Manuscripts department of the V. Stefanyk National Scientific Library of Ukraine in Lviv were used to prepare the presented paper. Many diaspora publicists criticized Radio Liberty (Munich) broadcasts for using the orthography officially accepted in Soviet Ukraine. M. Demkovych-Dobriansky, as editor-in-chief, thought that norms of the Ukrainian language adopted in 1929 were dated and sounded weird to Ukrainian listeners. On the other hand, critics of Soviet orthography underlined that this version of the Ukrainian language was very russified and couldn't be used. Spelling discussion of the second half of the XX century is an exciting and vital stage in developing the Ukrainian language. Disputes continued over the relevance of the so-called Kharkiv spelling of 1929 and the appropriateness of using the Soviet spelling, which many considered Russified. Although diaspora Ukrainians escaped the Russifying invasion of the USSR, they still failed to unify the norms of the Ukrainian language, so the spelling of independent Ukraine continued Soviet traditions. It practically did not use the achievements of diaspora linguistics.
history of the Ukrainian language, orthography, Ukrainian diaspora in XX cen., russification, Radio Liberty
THE INCIDENTS AND CONFLICTS THAT TOOK PLACE IN THE LIFE OF POLISH PARAMILITARY ORGANIZATIONS IN VOLYN, 1921–1939
The article attempts to outline the incidents and conflicts that took place in the life of Polish paramilitary organizations in Volyn in 1921–1939. It was established that the most common form of resistance to Polish immigrants by the local population was attacks on colonists' farms. It was established that a large number of incidents and conflicts among Ukrainian youth fell on the Rifle Union. It is noted that the Polish military emigrants themselves were often aggressors in relation to the local population. From the very beginning, the resettlement of military settlers to a «foreign» territory was strongly opposed by the Ukrainian peasantry, which rightly did not want to share the land with former Polish soldiers. According to the documents of the State Archives of the Rivne and Volyn regions, in the period of the 20s – 30s of the 20th century. A large number of displaced persons turned to the police and the army with a request to provide weapons (pistols, rifles and even grenades) for self-defense of themselves and their families. It is worth noting that the squatters often appealed to the district elders with complaints about the local voyts and soltis, who insulted and even harassed the squatters and their work. This does not seem surprising, because almost most of the positions in the villages and towns were held by Ukrainians, who made up the majority, and whose attitude towards the Polish military and civilian immigrants was extremely negative. As a form of resistance, raids by local peasants of the settlement farms were extremely common in the Volyn Voivodeship. Polonization, the eradication of Ukrainian identity, multiplied by colonialist treatment, created the basis for the superior behavior of representatives of Polish paramilitary organizations.
Polish paramilitary organizations, incident, conflict, Rifle Union, Volyn