THE EVOLUTION OF TABOO WORDS IN THE MODERN ENGLISH LANGUAGE: LINGUISTIC AND SOCIAL FACTORS

Abstract

nsformations in the 21st century. It explores two opposing yet interconnected processes: the tabooisation of previously neutral terms due to rising cultural sensitivity, and the gradual legitimisation of formerly forbidden expressions in public discourse. Traditional taboo themes – such as sexuality, bodily functions, death, and religion – are discussed alongside newer taboo areas, including food, smells, and phonetic associations. Special attention is given to the communicative functions of taboo language, which can express emotion, reinforce group identity, serve as protest or irony, and operate as intensifiers in speech.
The study highlights the continuum between orthophemisms, euphemisms, and dysphemisms, and investigates how grammaticalisation allows some taboo words to integrate into colloquial and digital communication. Examples from everyday speech, media, and pop culture are used to illustrate these dynamics.
The article also analyses the socio-pragmatic factors influencing the social acceptability of taboo words and how some lexemes shift categories based on context and audience. It examines how euphemisms are used to navigate sensitive topics like meat production or hygiene, and how certain terms lose their shock value over time.
The study argues that taboo language mirrors evolving societal norms and values. It calls for an interdisciplinary approach to understanding the social role of linguistic taboos, particularly in relation to inclusivity, social sensitivity, and changing ethical standards.