COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF GRAMMATICAL TRANSFORMATIONS IN TRANSLATION FROM FRENCH, ITALIAN LANGUAGES INTO UKRAINIAN (MORPHOLOGICAL AND SYNTACTIC ASPECTS)

Abstract

Grammar is a system of objectively operating rules for changing words, their connections in word combinations and sentences. The grammatical structure of the language together with its basic vocabulary form the basis of the language. Differences in the grammatical structure of different languages often lead to the fact that during translation it is necessary to change the information contained in the original text. Even in the case of coincidence of grammatical categories in the original language and the language of translation, there is no complete correspondence between them, since the means of their expression in each language are different. When conveying grammatical constructions in translation, the principle of a functional, rather than a formal, approach to conveying the meaning of grammatical forms and constructions is important. Having analyzed grammatical universals as a means of reproducing a grammatical category in the translation from French and Italian into Ukrainian, we conclude that the three studied languages have the following common features: nouns denote objects, abstract concepts, proper names; adjectives express features of the subject; verbs – actions and states; numerals – the number and order of items in a count, and differences – nouns in the French/Italian languages have a category of certainty/uncertainty, the main means of transmission of which is the corresponding article form. In the process of translation from French and Italian to Ukrainian, grammatical units may be replaced by word forms, parts of speech, clauses, types of syntactical connection, etc. Substitutions are divided into: a) substitutions of word forms; b) replacement of parts of speech; c) replacement of sentence members (restructuring of the syntactic structure of the sentence); d) syntactic substitutions in a complex sentence; 3. addition; 4. omission. Practically important for translation is the different use of grammatical categories in their minor (asemantic) function.