PHILOSOPHY OF GENDER INEQUALITY: THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN ANCIENT SOCIETIES

Abstract

This article explores the philosophical problem of gender inequality in ancient societies, focusing on how social, political, economic, and cultural conditions influenced the status of women. The works of ancient philosophers and historians, particularly Aristotle, Xenophon, Plutarch, and Titus Livius, are examined to reveal how patriarchal structures shaped perceptions of gender roles and entrenched them in social norms and laws. Emphasis is placed on the philosophical analysis of the concepts of natural hierarchy and gender roles presented in Aristotle’s works and their influence on legitimizing gender inequality. The gap between the officially subordinate status of women and their actual contributions to philosophy, literature, and medicine is explored, indicating the complexity and multifaceted nature of their role in ancient societies. Alternative approaches to gender roles in different regions are analyzed, particularly in Sparta and Rome, where women had more freedoms and legal rights. This allows for a rethinking of traditional philosophical views on the role of women and underscores the necessity for a deeper understanding of gender relations in historical and philosophical contexts. Studying gender inequality in ancient societies enables a better understanding of the roots of modern gender stereotypes and discrimination. Understanding the historical origins of these issues contributes to the formation of a more just and equitable society today.